給軟體工程師的設計原則

WRONG (equal spacing = no grouping):
┌─────────────────┐
│ Label           │
│                 │
│ Input Field     │
│                 │
│ Label           │
│                 │
│ Input Field     │
└─────────────────┘

RIGHT (unequal spacing = clear groups):
┌─────────────────┐
│ Label           │
│ Input Field     │ ← Tight (4px) - related
│                 │
│                 │ ← Wide (24px) - separating groups
│ Label           │
│ Input Field     │ ← Tight (4px) - related
└─────────────────┘

.form-group {
  margin-bottom: 24px;  /* Between groups: wide */
}

.form-group label {
  margin-bottom: 4px;   /* Label to input: tight */
  display: block;
}

VStack(alignment: .leading, spacing: 4) {  // Tight within group
    Text("Email")
        .font(.caption)
        .foregroundStyle(.secondary)
    TextField("[email protected]", text: $email)
        .textFieldStyle(.roundedBorder)
}
.padding(.bottom, 24)  // Wide between groups

Example Navigation:
┌───────────────────────────────────┐
│ [Dashboard] [Projects] [Settings] │  ← Same style = same function
│                                   │
│ ┌─────┐  ┌─────┐  ┌─────┐        │
│ │Card │  │Card │  │Card │         │  ← Same style = same content type
│ └─────┘  └─────┘  └─────┘        │
│                                   │
│ [+ New Project]                   │  ← Different style = different function
└───────────────────────────────────┘

/* Strong figure-ground relationship */
.card {
  background: var(--color-surface);     /* Figure */
  border-radius: 12px;
  box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);  /* Elevation */
}

.modal-overlay {
  background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);  /* Dim ground */
  backdrop-filter: blur(4px);      /* Blur ground */
}

CONTINUITY IN ALIGNMENT:
┌────────────────────────────────┐
│ Logo    [Nav]  [Nav]  [Nav]   │  ← Aligned on horizontal axis
├────────────────────────────────┤
│                                │
│ Headline                       │
│ ─────────────────────────────  │  ← Eye follows left edge
│ Paragraph text continues       │
│ along the same left edge       │
│                                │
│ [Primary Action]               │  ← Still on the left edge
└────────────────────────────────┘

/* Horizontal scroll with partial card (closure) */
.card-carousel {
  display: flex;
  gap: 16px;
  overflow-x: auto;
  padding-right: 48px;  /* Show partial card = scroll hint */
}

.card-carousel .card {
  flex: 0 0 280px;  /* Fixed width, partial visible */
}

:root {
  /* Base: 16px (1rem) */
  --text-xs: 0.64rem;    /* 10.24px - use sparingly */
  --text-sm: 0.8rem;     /* 12.8px - captions, labels */
  --text-base: 1rem;     /* 16px - body text */
  --text-lg: 1.25rem;    /* 20px - lead text */
  --text-xl: 1.563rem;   /* 25px - h4 */
  --text-2xl: 1.953rem;  /* 31.25px - h3 */
  --text-3xl: 2.441rem;  /* 39px - h2 */
  --text-4xl: 3.052rem;  /* 48.8px - h1 */
}

p {
  max-width: 65ch;  /* ch unit = width of '0' character */
}

.article-body {
  max-width: 70ch;
  margin: 0 auto;
}

:root {
  --font-sans: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont,
               'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif;

  --font-mono: ui-monospace, 'SF Mono', 'Cascadia Code',
               'JetBrains Mono', Consolas, monospace;
}

h1 { font-weight: 700; }  /* Bold */
h2 { font-weight: 600; }  /* Semibold */
h3 { font-weight: 600; }  /* Semibold */
.lead { font-weight: 500; }  /* Medium */
p { font-weight: 400; }   /* Regular */
.meta { font-weight: 400; color: var(--text-muted); }

┌──────────────────────────────────────────┐
│░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░│ 60% - Dominant (Background)
│░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░│
│░░░░░▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓░░░░░░░░│ 30% - Secondary (Cards, sections)
│░░░░░▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓░░░░░░░░│
│░░░░░▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓██████▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓░░░░░░░░│ 10% - Accent (Buttons, links)
└──────────────────────────────────────────┘

:root {
  /* Brand */
  --color-primary: hsl(220, 80%, 50%);
  --color-primary-hover: hsl(220, 80%, 45%);

  /* Semantic */
  --color-success: hsl(142, 76%, 36%);  /* Green - positive */
  --color-warning: hsl(38, 92%, 50%);   /* Amber - caution */
  --color-error: hsl(0, 84%, 60%);      /* Red - danger */

  /* Neutrals */
  --color-background: hsl(0, 0%, 100%);
  --color-surface: hsl(220, 14%, 96%);
  --color-border: hsl(220, 13%, 91%);

  /* Text */
  --color-text: hsl(220, 13%, 13%);
  --color-text-secondary: hsl(220, 9%, 46%);
  --color-text-muted: hsl(220, 9%, 64%);
}

/* Design dark first, derive light */
:root {
  /* Dark mode defaults */
  --color-background: hsl(0, 0%, 0%);
  --color-surface: hsl(0, 0%, 7%);
  --color-border: hsl(0, 0%, 15%);
  --color-text: hsl(0, 0%, 93%);
  --color-text-secondary: hsl(0, 0%, 63%);
}

@media (prefers-color-scheme: light) {
  :root {
    --color-background: hsl(0, 0%, 100%);
    --color-surface: hsl(0, 0%, 97%);
    --color-border: hsl(0, 0%, 89%);
    --color-text: hsl(0, 0%, 9%);
    --color-text-secondary: hsl(0, 0%, 40%);
  }
}

.hero-title { font-size: 3rem; }      /* Dominant */
.section-title { font-size: 1.5rem; } /* Secondary */
.body-text { font-size: 1rem; }       /* Baseline */

h1 { font-weight: 700; }
.lead { font-weight: 500; }
p { font-weight: 400; }

.title { color: var(--color-text); }  /* Near black */
.meta { color: var(--color-text-muted); }  /* Gray */

F-PATTERN (content pages):     Z-PATTERN (landing pages):
████████████████████████      1 ──────────────────► 2
████████                            ↘
████                                     ↘
██                                            ↘
                                   3 ──────────────────► 4

.hero { padding: 120px 48px; }  /* Generous space */
.data-table { padding: 12px; }  /* Dense content */

:root {
  --shadow-sm: 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);
  --shadow-md: 0 4px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);
  --shadow-lg: 0 10px 15px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);
}

.card { box-shadow: var(--shadow-sm); }
.card:hover { box-shadow: var(--shadow-md); }
.modal { box-shadow: var(--shadow-lg); }

:root {
  --space-1: 4px;    /* Tight: icon gaps */
  --space-2: 8px;    /* Compact: inline elements */
  --space-3: 12px;   /* Snug: form fields */
  --space-4: 16px;   /* Default: most gaps */
  --space-6: 24px;   /* Spacious: card padding */
  --space-8: 32px;   /* Section gaps */
  --space-12: 48px;  /* Major sections */
  --space-16: 64px;  /* Page sections */
  --space-20: 80px;  /* Hero spacing */
}

.card {
  padding: 24px;        /* Internal: spacious */
  margin-bottom: 16px;  /* External: less than padding */
}

.card { padding: 24px; border-radius: 12px; }
.card-header { margin-bottom: 16px; }
.card-title { margin-bottom: 4px; }  /* Tight to subtitle */

.btn { padding: 12px 24px; border-radius: 8px; }
.btn--sm { padding: 8px 16px; }
.btn--lg { padding: 16px 32px; }
.btn-group { display: flex; gap: 12px; }

.form-row { margin-bottom: 24px; }
.form-label { margin-bottom: 4px; }
.form-help { margin-top: 4px; }
.form-actions { margin-top: 32px; display: flex; gap: 12px; }

.button {
  transition: transform 0.1s ease-out;
}

.button:active {
  transform: scale(0.97);  /* Slight press before action */
}

.panel {
  transition: transform 0.4s cubic-bezier(0.34, 1.56, 0.64, 1);
}

withAnimation(.spring(response: 0.4, dampingFraction: 0.7)) {
    isOpen = true
}

.list-item {
  animation: fadeSlideIn 0.3s ease-out both;
}

.list-item:nth-child(1) { animation-delay: 0ms; }
.list-item:nth-child(2) { animation-delay: 50ms; }
.list-item:nth-child(3) { animation-delay: 100ms; }
.list-item:nth-child(4) { animation-delay: 150ms; }

@keyframes fadeSlideIn {
  from { opacity: 0; transform: translateY(10px); }
  to { opacity: 1; transform: translateY(0); }
}

/* BAD: Animating layout */
.panel { transition: left 0.3s, width 0.3s; }

/* GOOD: Using transform */
.panel { transition: transform 0.3s; }

// Bear's approach: preload so no loading state is needed
struct NoteListView: View {
    @Query var notes: [Note]  // SwiftData loads from disk instantly
    // No loading state, no skeleton, no spinner — data is always there
    var body: some View {
        List(notes) { note in
            NoteRow(note: note)
        }
    }
}

:root {
  /* Durations */
  --duration-instant: 0.1s;
  --duration-fast: 0.15s;
  --duration-normal: 0.25s;
  --duration-slow: 0.4s;

  /* Easings */
  --ease-out: cubic-bezier(0.0, 0.0, 0.58, 1.0);
  --ease-in: cubic-bezier(0.42, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0);
  --ease-in-out: cubic-bezier(0.42, 0.0, 0.58, 1.0);
  --ease-out-back: cubic-bezier(0.34, 1.56, 0.64, 1);
}

/* Breakpoint handle styling */
.breakpoint-handle {
  position: absolute;
  top: 0;
  bottom: 0;
  width: 4px;
  background: var(--accent);
  cursor: col-resize;
  opacity: 0.6;
  transition: opacity 0.15s ease;
}

.breakpoint-handle:hover,
.breakpoint-handle:active {
  opacity: 1;
  width: 6px;
}

enum ContextState: CaseIterable {
    case farOut, dayBefore, headToAirport, atAirport
    case atGate, boarding, inFlight, landed, connection

    static func current(for flight: Flight, context: UserContext) -> ContextState {
        // Factor in: time, location, flight status
        // Return the single most relevant state
    }
}

struct IntelligentlyActivated<Content: View>: ViewModifier {
    let isInteracting: Bool
    @State private var isVisible = false

    func body(content: Content) -> some View {
        content
            .opacity(isVisible ? 1 : 0)
            .scaleEffect(isVisible ? 1 : 0.95)
            .animation(.easeInOut(duration: 0.2), value: isVisible)
            .onChange(of: isInteracting) { _, newValue in
                if newValue {
                    withAnimation { isVisible = true }
                } else {
                    DispatchQueue.main.asyncAfter(deadline: .now() + 0.3) {
                        if !isInteracting { isVisible = false }
                    }
                }
            }
    }
}

/* Always show shortcut alongside command name */
.command-result {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: space-between;
  padding: 8px 12px;
}

.command-shortcut {
  font-family: var(--font-mono);
  font-size: 12px;
  color: var(--text-muted);
  background: var(--bg-subtle);
  padding: 2px 6px;
  border-radius: 4px;
}

.citation-marker {
  position: relative;
  color: var(--accent);
  cursor: pointer;
  font-size: 0.8em;
  vertical-align: super;
}

.citation-preview {
  position: absolute;
  bottom: 100%;
  left: 50%;
  transform: translateX(-50%);
  width: 280px;
  padding: 12px;
  background: var(--bg-elevated);
  border: 1px solid var(--border);
  border-radius: 8px;
  box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);
}

.phase-indicator {
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 8px;
  padding: 6px 12px;
  background: color-mix(in srgb, var(--phase-color) 10%, transparent);
  border-radius: 16px;
  font-size: 13px;
  color: var(--phase-color);
  transition: all 0.3s ease;
}

.loading-dots span {
  width: 4px;
  height: 4px;
  background: currentColor;
  border-radius: 50%;
  animation: pulse 1.4s ease-in-out infinite;
}

/* Obtrusive: UI competes with content */
.editor {
  background: linear-gradient(135deg, purple, blue);
  border: 3px dashed gold;
}

/* Unobtrusive: UI recedes, content shines */
.editor {
  background: var(--color-background);
  border: 1px solid var(--color-border);
}

TRENDY (will date):           TIMELESS:
- Extreme glassmorphism       - Clean typography
- Neon colors, glitch effects - Subtle elevation
- Aggressive gradients        - Neutral palette with considered accent

.card-grid {
  container-type: inline-size;
  container-name: card-grid;
}

.card {
  display: grid;
  gap: 16px;
  padding: 20px;
}

@container card-grid (min-width: 400px) {
  .card {
    grid-template-columns: auto 1fr;
  }
}

@container card-grid (min-width: 600px) {
  .card {
    padding: 32px;
    gap: 24px;
  }
}

/* Card with image gets different padding */
.card:has(img) {
  padding: 0;
}

.card:has(img) .card-content {
  padding: 20px;
}

/* Form group with error */
.form-group:has(.input:invalid) .form-label {
  color: var(--color-error);
}

/* Highlight navigation when on that page */
.nav-item:has(a[aria-current="page"]) {
  background: var(--color-surface);
}

.card {
  background: var(--color-surface);
  border-radius: 12px;
  padding: 24px;

  & .card-title {
    font-size: 1.25rem;
    font-weight: 600;
    margin-bottom: 8px;
  }

  & .card-body {
    color: var(--color-text-secondary);
    line-height: 1.6;
  }

  &:hover {
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-md);
  }

  @media (min-width: 768px) {
    padding: 32px;
  }
}

<!-- Load content on click -->
<button hx-get="/api/more-items"
        hx-target="#item-list"
        hx-swap="beforeend"
        hx-indicator="#loading">
  Load More
</button>

<!-- Form with inline validation -->
<form hx-post="/api/contact"
      hx-target="#form-response"
      hx-swap="outerHTML">
  <input type="email" name="email"
         hx-post="/api/validate-email"
         hx-trigger="blur"
         hx-target="next .error" />
  <span class="error"></span>
</form>

/* Anchor an element to another */
.trigger {
  anchor-name: --my-trigger;
}

.tooltip {
  position: fixed;
  position-anchor: --my-trigger;
  top: anchor(bottom);
  left: anchor(center);
  translate: -50% 8px;
}

/* Reading progress bar */
.progress-bar {
  position: fixed;
  top: 0;
  left: 0;
  width: 100%;
  height: 3px;
  background: var(--color-primary);
  transform-origin: left;
  animation: progress linear;
  animation-timeline: scroll();
}

@keyframes progress {
  from { transform: scaleX(0); }
  to { transform: scaleX(1); }
}

.card {
  opacity: 1;
  transform: translateY(0);
  transition: opacity 0.3s ease, transform 0.3s ease;

  @starting-style {
    opacity: 0;
    transform: translateY(10px);
  }
}

:root {
  /* Colors */
  --color-text: #1a1a1a;
  --color-text-secondary: #666666;
  --color-text-muted: #999999;

  --color-background: #ffffff;
  --color-surface: #f8f9fa;
  --color-surface-elevated: #ffffff;

  --color-border: #e5e7eb;
  --color-primary: #3b82f6;
  --color-primary-hover: #2563eb;

  --color-success: #10b981;
  --color-warning: #f59e0b;
  --color-error: #ef4444;

  /* Typography */
  --font-sans: system-ui, -apple-system, sans-serif;
  --font-mono: "SF Mono", Consolas, monospace;

  --text-xs: 0.75rem;
  --text-sm: 0.875rem;
  --text-base: 1rem;
  --text-lg: 1.125rem;
  --text-xl: 1.25rem;
  --text-2xl: 1.5rem;
  --text-3xl: 2rem;

  --leading-tight: 1.25;
  --leading-normal: 1.5;
  --leading-relaxed: 1.75;

  /* Spacing (8px base) */
  --space-1: 0.25rem;   /* 4px */
  --space-2: 0.5rem;    /* 8px */
  --space-3: 0.75rem;   /* 12px */
  --space-4: 1rem;      /* 16px */
  --space-6: 1.5rem;    /* 24px */
  --space-8: 2rem;      /* 32px */
  --space-12: 3rem;     /* 48px */
  --space-16: 4rem;     /* 64px */

  /* Borders */
  --radius-sm: 4px;
  --radius-md: 8px;
  --radius-lg: 12px;
  --radius-full: 9999px;

  /* Shadows */
  --shadow-sm: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);
  --shadow-md: 0 4px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07);
  --shadow-lg: 0 10px 15px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);

  /* Transitions */
  --ease-out: cubic-bezier(0.16, 1, 0.3, 1);
  --duration-fast: 100ms;
  --duration-normal: 200ms;
}

@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {
  :root {
    /* Neutrals */
    --color-background: hsl(220, 13%, 10%);
    --color-surface: hsl(220, 13%, 15%);
    --color-surface-elevated: hsl(220, 13%, 18%);
    --color-border: hsl(220, 13%, 23%);

    /* Text (inverted) */
    --color-text: hsl(220, 9%, 93%);
    --color-text-secondary: hsl(220, 9%, 70%);
    --color-text-muted: hsl(220, 9%, 55%);

    /* Adjust saturation for dark mode */
    --color-primary: hsl(220, 80%, 60%);
    --color-success: hsl(142, 70%, 45%);
    --color-error: hsl(0, 80%, 65%);

    /* Shadows in dark mode need adjustment */
    --shadow-sm: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3);
    --shadow-md: 0 4px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);
  }
}

{
  "colors": {
    "primitive": {
      "blue-500": { "value": "#3b82f6", "type": "color" },
      "blue-600": { "value": "#2563eb", "type": "color" }
    },
    "semantic": {
      "primary": { "value": "{colors.primitive.blue-500}", "type": "color" },
      "primary-hover": { "value": "{colors.primitive.blue-600}", "type": "color" }
    }
  },
  "spacing": {
    "1": { "value": "4px", "type": "spacing" },
    "2": { "value": "8px", "type": "spacing" },
    "4": { "value": "16px", "type": "spacing" }
  }
}

:root {
  /* Primitive colors (direct values) */
  --color-blue-50: #eff6ff;
  --color-blue-100: #dbeafe;
  --color-blue-500: #3b82f6;
  --color-blue-600: #2563eb;
  --color-blue-900: #1e3a8a;

  /* Semantic colors (reference primitives) */
  --color-primary: var(--color-blue-500);
  --color-primary-hover: var(--color-blue-600);
  --color-background: var(--color-white);
  --color-surface: var(--color-gray-50);

  /* Spacing (8px grid) */
  --space-1: 0.25rem;  /* 4px */
  --space-2: 0.5rem;   /* 8px */
  --space-4: 1rem;     /* 16px */
  --space-6: 1.5rem;   /* 24px */
  --space-8: 2rem;     /* 32px */

  /* Typography */
  --font-size-sm: 0.875rem;
  --font-size-base: 1rem;
  --font-size-lg: 1.125rem;
  --line-height-tight: 1.25;
  --line-height-normal: 1.5;

  /* Effects */
  --shadow-sm: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);
  --shadow-md: 0 4px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07);
  --radius-sm: 4px;
  --radius-md: 8px;
  --radius-lg: 12px;
}

@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {
  :root {
    --color-background: var(--color-gray-900);
    --color-surface: var(--color-gray-800);
    --color-text: var(--color-gray-100);
    --color-text-secondary: var(--color-gray-400);

    /* Adjusted shadows for dark mode */
    --shadow-sm: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3);
    --shadow-md: 0 4px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);
  }
}

import SwiftUI

extension Color {
    // MARK: - Primitive Colors
    static let blue50 = Color(hex: "eff6ff")
    static let blue500 = Color(hex: "3b82f6")
    static let blue600 = Color(hex: "2563eb")

    // MARK: - Semantic Colors
    static let brandPrimary = Color.blue500
    static let brandPrimaryHover = Color.blue600

    // MARK: - Surface Colors
    static let surfaceBackground = Color(light: .white, dark: Color(hex: "0f172a"))
    static let surfaceElevated = Color(light: Color(hex: "f8fafc"), dark: Color(hex: "1e293b"))
}

extension Color {
    init(hex: String) {
        // Standard hex parsing implementation
    }

    init(light: Color, dark: Color) {
        self.init(UIColor { traits in
            traits.userInterfaceStyle == .dark ? UIColor(dark) : UIColor(light)
        })
    }
}

enum Spacing {
    static let xs: CGFloat = 4    // --space-1
    static let sm: CGFloat = 8    // --space-2
    static let md: CGFloat = 16   // --space-4
    static let lg: CGFloat = 24   // --space-6
    static let xl: CGFloat = 32   // --space-8
}

// Usage
VStack(spacing: Spacing.md) {
    // ...
}
.padding(Spacing.lg)